Hi again, Jim! Sorry if my reply to your reply to my post seemed snarky. It was snarky. Mostly because your requests for citations for every sentence I wrote imparted a confrontational edge. This thread is full of unsupported assertions, and I sure don't see how my contribution needed defending above and beyond others' posts. I cited the NEC where it seemed to be germane to the discussion and added some of what I've learned through years of OTJ exposure, cut sheets, trouble shooting, and study of the IBC and NEC, aka "my experience." The original question contained this: I have a friend that is a NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association) representative. He said that appliances must be manufactured with so little current leakage today (and for the last 10-12 years) that there will not be an issue anymore. How is "my friend told me" a fair citation when, "in my experience" isn't? Especially when the "friend" has a dog in the fight i.e. a vested interest in representing manufactured devices as wonderful and infallible? I never claimed to be perfect, and I invite corrections where I am astray. We learn more from our mistakes than from when we are haplessly right. As I said, I am here to share and to learn. I won't lose any sleep over anyone disregarding anything I say. This IS the internet, after all. Whether I can help educate you is a question that is still in the air, but you have certainly helped educate me in various threads. BTW I stand by my comment that newer GFCIs trip at 3mA, but I must have been on crack when I said the old ones tripped at 20-30mA. Cheers!